kernel.cpp

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/* @flow */
// Copyright (c) 2012-2013 The PPCoin developers
// Copyright (c) 2015-2018 The PIVX developers
// Copyright (c) 2018-2020 The DAPS Project developers
// Distributed under the MIT/X11 software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
 
#include <boost/assign/list_of.hpp>
 
#include "db.h"
#include "kernel.h"
#include "script/interpreter.h"
#include "timedata.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "stakeinput.h"
#include "utilmoneystr.h"
 
bool fTestNet = false; //Params().NetworkID() == CBaseChainParams::TESTNET;
 
// Modifier interval: time to elapse before new modifier is computed
// Set to 3-hour for production network and 20-minute for test network
unsigned int nModifierInterval;
int nStakeTargetSpacing = 60;
unsigned int getIntervalVersion(bool fTestNet)
{
    if (fTestNet)
        return MODIFIER_INTERVAL_TESTNET;
    else
        return MODIFIER_INTERVAL;
}
 
// Hard checkpoints of stake modifiers to ensure they are deterministic
static std::map<int, unsigned int> mapStakeModifierCheckpoints =
    boost::assign::map_list_of(0, 0xfd11f4e7u);
 
// Get time weight
int64_t GetWeight(int64_t nIntervalBeginning, int64_t nIntervalEnd)
{
    return nIntervalEnd - nIntervalBeginning - Params().StakeMinAge();
}
 
// Get the last stake modifier and its generation time from a given block
static bool GetLastStakeModifier(const CBlockIndex* pindex, uint64_t& nStakeModifier, int64_t& nModifierTime)
{
    if (!pindex)
        return error("%s : null pindex", __func__);
    while (pindex && pindex->pprev && !pindex->GeneratedStakeModifier())
        pindex = pindex->pprev;
    if (!pindex->GeneratedStakeModifier())
        return error("%s : no generation at genesis block", __func__);
    nStakeModifier = pindex->nStakeModifier;
    nModifierTime = pindex->GetBlockTime();
    return true;
}
 
// Get selection interval section (in seconds)
static int64_t GetStakeModifierSelectionIntervalSection(int nSection)
{
    assert(nSection >= 0 && nSection < 64);
    int64_t a = getIntervalVersion(fTestNet) * 63 / (63 + ((63 - nSection) * (MODIFIER_INTERVAL_RATIO - 1)));
    return a;
}
 
// Get stake modifier selection interval (in seconds)
static int64_t GetStakeModifierSelectionInterval()
{
    int64_t nSelectionInterval = 0;
    for (int nSection = 0; nSection < 64; nSection++) {
        nSelectionInterval += GetStakeModifierSelectionIntervalSection(nSection);
    }
    return nSelectionInterval;
}
 
// select a block from the candidate blocks in vSortedByTimestamp, excluding
// already selected blocks in vSelectedBlocks, and with timestamp up to
// nSelectionIntervalStop.
static bool SelectBlockFromCandidates(
    std::vector<std::pair<int64_t, uint256> >& vSortedByTimestamp,
    std::map<uint256, const CBlockIndex*>& mapSelectedBlocks,
    int64_t nSelectionIntervalStop,
    uint64_t nStakeModifierPrev,
    const CBlockIndex** pindexSelected)
{
    bool fModifierV2 = false;
    bool fFirstRun = true;
    bool fSelected = false;
    uint256 hashBest;
    *pindexSelected = (const CBlockIndex*)0;
    for (const PAIRTYPE(int64_t, uint256) & item : vSortedByTimestamp) {
        if (!mapBlockIndex.count(item.second))
            return error("%s : failed to find block index for candidate block %s", __func__, item.second.ToString().c_str());
 
        const CBlockIndex* pindex = mapBlockIndex[item.second];
        if (fSelected && pindex->GetBlockTime() > nSelectionIntervalStop)
            break;
 
        //if the lowest block height (vSortedByTimestamp[0]) is >= switch height, use new modifier calc
        if (fFirstRun){
            fModifierV2 = pindex->nHeight >= Params().ModifierUpgradeBlock();
            fFirstRun = false;
        }
 
        if (mapSelectedBlocks.count(pindex->GetBlockHash()) > 0)
            continue;
 
        // compute the selection hash by hashing an input that is unique to that block
        uint256 hashProof;
        if(fModifierV2)
            hashProof = pindex->GetBlockHash();
        else
            hashProof = pindex->IsProofOfStake() ? UINT256_ZERO : pindex->GetBlockHash();
 
        CDataStream ss(SER_GETHASH, 0);
        ss << hashProof << nStakeModifierPrev;
        uint256 hashSelection = Hash(ss.begin(), ss.end());
 
        // the selection hash is divided by 2**32 so that proof-of-stake block
        // is always favored over proof-of-work block. this is to preserve
        // the energy efficiency property
        if (pindex->IsProofOfStake())
            hashSelection >>= 32;
 
        if (fSelected && hashSelection < hashBest) {
            hashBest = hashSelection;
            *pindexSelected = (const CBlockIndex*)pindex;
        } else if (!fSelected) {
            fSelected = true;
            hashBest = hashSelection;
            *pindexSelected = (const CBlockIndex*)pindex;
        }
    }
    if (GetBoolArg("-printstakemodifier", false))
        LogPrintf("%s : selection hash=%s\n", __func__, hashBest.ToString().c_str());
    return fSelected;
}
 
// Stake Modifier (hash modifier of proof-of-stake):
// The purpose of stake modifier is to prevent a txout (coin) owner from
// computing future proof-of-stake generated by this txout at the time
// of transaction confirmation. To meet kernel protocol, the txout
// must hash with a future stake modifier to generate the proof.
// Stake modifier consists of bits each of which is contributed from a
// selected block of a given block group in the past.
// The selection of a block is based on a hash of the block's proof-hash and
// the previous stake modifier.
// Stake modifier is recomputed at a fixed time interval instead of every
// block. This is to make it difficult for an attacker to gain control of
// additional bits in the stake modifier, even after generating a chain of
// blocks.
bool ComputeNextStakeModifier(const CBlockIndex* pindexPrev, uint64_t& nStakeModifier, bool& fGeneratedStakeModifier)
{
    nStakeModifier = 0;
    fGeneratedStakeModifier = false;
    if (!pindexPrev) {
        fGeneratedStakeModifier = true;
        return true; // genesis block's modifier is 0
    }
    if (pindexPrev->nHeight == 0) {
        //Give a stake modifier to the first block
        fGeneratedStakeModifier = true;
        nStakeModifier = uint64_t("stakemodifier");
        return true;
    }
 
    // First find current stake modifier and its generation block time
    // if it's not old enough, return the same stake modifier
    int64_t nModifierTime = 0;
    if (!GetLastStakeModifier(pindexPrev, nStakeModifier, nModifierTime))
        return error("%s : unable to get last modifier", __func__);
 
    if (GetBoolArg("-printstakemodifier", false))
        LogPrintf("%s : prev modifier= %s time=%s\n", __func__, std::to_string(nStakeModifier).c_str(), DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", nModifierTime).c_str());
 
    if (nModifierTime / getIntervalVersion(fTestNet) >= pindexPrev->GetBlockTime() / getIntervalVersion(fTestNet))
        return true;
 
    // Sort candidate blocks by timestamp
    std::vector<std::pair<int64_t, uint256> > vSortedByTimestamp;
    vSortedByTimestamp.reserve(64 * getIntervalVersion(fTestNet) / nStakeTargetSpacing);
    int64_t nSelectionInterval = GetStakeModifierSelectionInterval();
    int64_t nSelectionIntervalStart = (pindexPrev->GetBlockTime() / getIntervalVersion(fTestNet)) * getIntervalVersion(fTestNet) - nSelectionInterval;
    const CBlockIndex* pindex = pindexPrev;
 
    while (pindex && pindex->GetBlockTime() >= nSelectionIntervalStart) {
        vSortedByTimestamp.push_back(std::make_pair(pindex->GetBlockTime(), pindex->GetBlockHash()));
        pindex = pindex->pprev;
    }
 
    int nHeightFirstCandidate = pindex ? (pindex->nHeight + 1) : 0;
    std::reverse(vSortedByTimestamp.begin(), vSortedByTimestamp.end());
    std::sort(vSortedByTimestamp.begin(), vSortedByTimestamp.end());
 
    // Select 64 blocks from candidate blocks to generate stake modifier
    uint64_t nStakeModifierNew = 0;
    int64_t nSelectionIntervalStop = nSelectionIntervalStart;
    std::map<uint256, const CBlockIndex*> mapSelectedBlocks;
    for (int nRound = 0; nRound < std::min(64, (int)vSortedByTimestamp.size()); nRound++) {
        // add an interval section to the current selection round
        nSelectionIntervalStop += GetStakeModifierSelectionIntervalSection(nRound);
 
        // select a block from the candidates of current round
        if (!SelectBlockFromCandidates(vSortedByTimestamp, mapSelectedBlocks, nSelectionIntervalStop, nStakeModifier, &pindex))
            return error("%s : unable to select block at round %d", __func__, nRound);
 
        // write the entropy bit of the selected block
        nStakeModifierNew |= (((uint64_t)pindex->GetStakeEntropyBit()) << nRound);
 
        // add the selected block from candidates to selected list
        mapSelectedBlocks.insert(std::make_pair(pindex->GetBlockHash(), pindex));
        if (GetBoolArg("-printstakemodifier", false))
            LogPrintf("%s : selected round %d stop=%s height=%d bit=%d\n", __func__,
                nRound, DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", nSelectionIntervalStop).c_str(), pindex->nHeight, pindex->GetStakeEntropyBit());
    }
 
    // Print selection map for visualization of the selected blocks
    if (GetBoolArg("-printstakemodifier", false)) {
        std::string strSelectionMap = "";
        // '-' indicates proof-of-work blocks not selected
        strSelectionMap.insert(0, pindexPrev->nHeight - nHeightFirstCandidate + 1, '-');
        pindex = pindexPrev;
        while (pindex && pindex->nHeight >= nHeightFirstCandidate) {
            // '=' indicates proof-of-stake blocks not selected
            if (pindex->IsProofOfStake())
                strSelectionMap.replace(pindex->nHeight - nHeightFirstCandidate, 1, "=");
            pindex = pindex->pprev;
        }
        for (const std::pair<const uint256, const CBlockIndex*> &item : mapSelectedBlocks) {
            // 'S' indicates selected proof-of-stake blocks
            // 'W' indicates selected proof-of-work blocks
            strSelectionMap.replace(item.second->nHeight - nHeightFirstCandidate, 1, item.second->IsProofOfStake() ? "S" : "W");
        }
        LogPrintf("%s : selection height [%d, %d] map %s\n", __func__, nHeightFirstCandidate, pindexPrev->nHeight, strSelectionMap.c_str());
    }
    if (GetBoolArg("-printstakemodifier", false)) {
        LogPrintf("%s : new modifier=%s time=%s\n", __func__, std::to_string(nStakeModifierNew).c_str(), DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", pindexPrev->GetBlockTime()).c_str());
    }
 
    nStakeModifier = nStakeModifierNew;
    fGeneratedStakeModifier = true;
    return true;
}
 
// The stake modifier used to hash for a stake kernel is chosen as the stake
// modifier about a selection interval later than the coin generating the kernel
bool GetKernelStakeModifier(uint256 hashBlockFrom, uint64_t& nStakeModifier, int& nStakeModifierHeight, int64_t& nStakeModifierTime, bool fPrintProofOfStake)
{
    nStakeModifier = 0;
    if (!mapBlockIndex.count(hashBlockFrom))
        return error("%s : block not indexed", __func__);
    const CBlockIndex* pindexFrom = mapBlockIndex[hashBlockFrom];
    nStakeModifierHeight = pindexFrom->nHeight;
    nStakeModifierTime = pindexFrom->GetBlockTime();
    // Fixed stake modifier only for regtest
    if (Params().IsRegTestNet()) {
        nStakeModifier = pindexFrom->nStakeModifier;
        return true;
    }
    int64_t nStakeModifierSelectionInterval = GetStakeModifierSelectionInterval();
    const CBlockIndex* pindex = pindexFrom;
    CBlockIndex* pindexNext = chainActive[pindexFrom->nHeight + 1];
    // loop to find the stake modifier later by a selection interval
    while (nStakeModifierTime < pindexFrom->GetBlockTime() + nStakeModifierSelectionInterval) {
        if (!pindexNext) {
            // Should never happen
            return error("Null pindexNext\n");
        }
 
        pindex = pindexNext;
        pindexNext = chainActive[pindexNext->nHeight + 1];
        if (pindex->GeneratedStakeModifier()) {
            nStakeModifierHeight = pindex->nHeight;
            nStakeModifierTime = pindex->GetBlockTime();
        }
    }
    nStakeModifier = pindex->nStakeModifier;
    return true;
}
 
//test hash vs target
bool stakeTargetHit(const uint256& hashProofOfStake, const int64_t& nValueIn, const uint256& bnTargetPerCoinDay)
{
    //get the stake weight - weight is equal to coin amount
    uint256 bnCoinDayWeight = uint256(nValueIn) / 100;
 
    // Now check if proof-of-stake hash meets target protocol
    return hashProofOfStake < (bnCoinDayWeight * bnTargetPerCoinDay);
}
 
bool CheckStake(const CDataStream& ssUniqueID, CAmount nValueIn, const uint64_t nStakeModifier, const uint256& bnTarget,
                unsigned int nTimeBlockFrom, unsigned int& nTimeTx, uint256& hashProofOfStake)
{
    CDataStream ss(SER_GETHASH, 0);
    ss << nStakeModifier << nTimeBlockFrom << ssUniqueID << nTimeTx;
    hashProofOfStake = Hash(ss.begin(), ss.end());
 
    //LogPrintf("%s : modifier:%d nTimeBlockFrom:%d nTimeTx:%d hash:%s\n", __func__, nStakeModifier, nTimeBlockFrom, nTimeTx, hashProofOfStake.GetHex());
 
    return stakeTargetHit(hashProofOfStake, nValueIn, bnTarget);
}
 
bool Stake(CStakeInput* stakeInput, unsigned int nBits, unsigned int nTimeBlockFrom, unsigned int& nTimeTx, uint256& hashProofOfStake)
{
    if(!Params().IsRegTestNet()) {
        if (nTimeTx < nTimeBlockFrom)
            return error("%s : nTime violation", __func__);
 
        if (nTimeBlockFrom + Params().StakeMinAge() > nTimeTx) // Min age requirement
            return false;
    }
 
    //grab difficulty
    uint256 bnTargetPerCoinDay;
    bnTargetPerCoinDay.SetCompact(nBits);
 
    //grab stake modifier
    uint64_t nStakeModifier = 0;
    if (!stakeInput->GetModifier(nStakeModifier))
        return error("%s : failed to get kernel stake modifier", __func__);
 
    bool fSuccess = false;
    unsigned int nTryTime = 0;
    int nHeightStart = chainActive.Height();
    int nHashDrift = 60;
    CDataStream ssUniqueID = stakeInput->GetUniqueness();
    CAmount nValueIn = stakeInput->GetValue();
    for (int i = 0; i < nHashDrift; i++) //iterate the hashing
    {
        //new block came in, move on
        if (chainActive.Height() != nHeightStart)
            break;
 
        //hash this iteration
        nTryTime = nTimeTx + nHashDrift - i;
 
        // if stake hash does not meet the target then continue to next iteration
        if (!CheckStake(ssUniqueID, nValueIn, nStakeModifier, bnTargetPerCoinDay, nTimeBlockFrom, nTryTime, hashProofOfStake))
            continue;
 
        fSuccess = true; // if we make it this far then we have successfully created a stake hash
        //LogPrintf("%s : hashproof=%s\n", __func__, hashProofOfStake.GetHex());
        nTimeTx = nTryTime;
        break;
    }
 
    mapHashedBlocks.clear();
    mapHashedBlocks[chainActive.Tip()->nHeight] = GetTime(); //store a time stamp of when we last hashed on this block
    return fSuccess;
}
 
// Check kernel hash target and coinstake signature
bool CheckProofOfStake(const CBlock block, uint256& hashProofOfStake, std::unique_ptr<CStakeInput>& stake, int nPreviousBlockHeight)
{
    const CTransaction tx = block.vtx[1]; //coinstake
    CAmount nValueIn;
    CAmount nValueOut;
    CCoinsViewCache view(pcoinsTip);
    nValueIn = GetValueIn(view, tx);
    nValueOut = tx.GetValueOut();
 
    if (!tx.IsCoinStake())
        return error("%s : called on non-coinstake %s", __func__, tx.GetHash().ToString().c_str());
 
    // Kernel (input 0) must match the stake hash target per coin age (nBits)
    const CTxIn& txin = tx.vin[0];
 
    //Construct the stakeinput object
    // First try finding the previous transaction in database
    uint256 hashBlock;
    CTransaction txPrev;
    if (!GetTransaction(txin.prevout.hash, txPrev, hashBlock, true))
        return error("%s : INFO: read txPrev failed, tx id prev: %s, block id %s",
                __func__, txin.prevout.hash.GetHex(), block.GetHash().GetHex());
 
    //verify signature and script
    if (!VerifyScript(txin.scriptSig, txPrev.vout[txin.prevout.n].scriptPubKey, STANDARD_SCRIPT_VERIFY_FLAGS, TransactionSignatureChecker(&tx, 0)))
        return error("%s : VerifySignature failed on coinstake %s", __func__, tx.GetHash().ToString().c_str());
 
    CPrcyStake* prcyInput = new CPrcyStake();
    prcyInput->SetInput(txPrev, txin.prevout.n);
    stake = std::unique_ptr<CStakeInput>(prcyInput);
 
    //Get the
    CBlockIndex* pindexfrom = stake->GetIndexFrom();
    if (!pindexfrom)
        return error("%s : Failed to find the block index for stake origin", __func__);
 
    // Read block header
    CBlock blockfrom;
    if (!ReadBlockFromDisk(blockfrom, pindexfrom->GetBlockPos()))
        return error("%s : INFO: failed to find block", __func__);
 
    uint256 bnTargetPerCoinDay;
    bnTargetPerCoinDay.SetCompact(block.nBits);
 
    uint64_t nStakeModifier = 0;
    if (!stake->GetModifier(nStakeModifier))
        return error("%s : failed to get modifier for stake input\n", __func__);
 
    unsigned int nBlockFromTime = blockfrom.nTime;
    unsigned int nTxTime = block.nTime;
 
    if (!Params().IsRegTestNet()) {
        if (nTxTime < nBlockFromTime) // Transaction timestamp nTxTime
            return error("%s : nTime violation - nBlockFromTime=%d nTimeTx=%d", __func__, nBlockFromTime, nTxTime);
        if (nBlockFromTime + Params().StakeMinAge() > nTxTime) // Min age requirement
            return error("%s : min age violation - nBlockFromTime=%d nStakeMinAge=%d nTimeTx=%d",
                    __func__, nBlockFromTime, Params().StakeMinAge(), nTxTime);
 
    }
    if (!CheckStake(stake->GetUniqueness(), nValueIn, nStakeModifier, bnTargetPerCoinDay, nBlockFromTime,
                    nTxTime, hashProofOfStake)) {
        return error("%s : INFO: check kernel failed on coinstake %s, hashProof=%s, GetValue=%d, nValueIn=%d, nValueOut=%d\n",
                     __func__, tx.GetHash().GetHex(), hashProofOfStake.GetHex(), stake->GetValue(), nValueIn, nValueOut);
    }
    return true;
}
 
// Get stake modifier checksum
unsigned int GetStakeModifierChecksum(const CBlockIndex* pindex)
{
    assert(pindex->pprev || pindex->GetBlockHash() == Params().HashGenesisBlock());
    // Hash previous checksum with flags, hashProofOfStake and nStakeModifier
    CDataStream ss(SER_GETHASH, 0);
    if (pindex->pprev)
        ss << pindex->pprev->nStakeModifierChecksum;
    ss << pindex->nFlags << pindex->hashProofOfStake << pindex->nStakeModifier;
    uint256 hashChecksum = Hash(ss.begin(), ss.end());
    hashChecksum >>= (256 - 32);
    return hashChecksum.GetCheapHash();
}
 
// Check stake modifier hard checkpoints
bool CheckStakeModifierCheckpoints(int nHeight, unsigned int nStakeModifierChecksum)
{
    if (fTestNet) return true; // Testnet has no checkpoints
    if (mapStakeModifierCheckpoints.count(nHeight)) {
        return nStakeModifierChecksum == mapStakeModifierCheckpoints[nHeight];
    }
    return true;
}